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                <h1>Django 中STATIC_ROOT 与STATICFILES_DIRS的区别</h1>
                  
                  
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  Posted on November 1, 2017
  
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              <h1>Django 中STATIC_ROOT 与STATICFILES_DIRS的区别</h1>
                
                
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        <p>在做<code>Django</code>项目的时候，经常会遇到静态文件访问的问题，在本地开发的时候可以正常的访问静态文件，部署到服务器上后就出现各种幺蛾子了，我猜你一定也遇到过吧？之前在<code>settings.py</code>配置文件中对<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>与<code>STATICFILES_DIRS</code>两个配置项不是特别理解，总感觉都差不多，在线上就把<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>替换成<code>STATICFILES_DIRS</code>了，虽然可以解决问题，但是却没有知其所以然。</p>

<p></p>

<h2 id="static-root">STATIC_ROOT</h2>

<p><code>STATIC_ROOT</code>是<strong>Django 1.3</strong>新增的特性，该目录下面的文件会被当成静态文件进行处理。与<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>搭配使用的还有<code>STATIC_URL</code>，一般默认用<code>/static/</code>，用于指定静态目录的URL。其实<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>是用来方便部署<code>Django App</code>的。我们在写<code>Django App</code>的时候，经常会有一些和该App 相关的静态文件，虽然我认为的最佳实践方式是将静态文件放在统一的目录，但是毕竟<code>Django</code>是支持这种操作的，所以在1.3版本以前，部署的时候就比较麻烦了。</p>

<ul>
<li><p>第一种方法是使用<code>django.views.static.serve</code>来处理文件。在App的<code>urls.py</code>里面加上一条路由：</p>

<pre><code class="language-python">url(r&quot;^(?/static/P&lt;path&gt;.*)$&quot;, &quot;django.views.static.serve&quot;, {&quot;document_root&quot; : &quot;/path/to/project/app/static/&quot;})
</code></pre>

<p>但是这样的话线上的静态文件就都通过<code>Django</code>来进行处理了，这样速度太慢了，毕竟处理静态文件不是<code>Django</code>的特长。</p></li>

<li><p>处理静态文件什么在行？<code>Nginx</code>再加上<code>CDN</code>呗，所以现在就可以将每个App 里面的静态文件复制到一个统一的文件夹里面，然后在<code>nginx</code>中将<code>/static/</code>映射到该目录就行。但是这样是不是特别麻烦啊，每次上线都得把每个App 下面的静态文件复制一遍。</p></li>
</ul>

<p>为了解决上面的问题，1.3版本以后便提供了一个新的方法自动地将所有静态文件放在一起。在开发阶段不必费心去做映射。在部署到生产环境的时候，只需要配置<code>nginx</code>把<code>/static/</code>映射到<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>配置的目录，然后运行<code>python manage.py collectstatic</code>，自动地就会把各个App 下面的静态文件给复制到<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>。由于复制过来的文件会覆盖掉原来的文件，所以一定不要在<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>目录下面放置我们自己的静态文件。</p>

<h2 id="staticfiles-dirs">STATICFILES_DIRS</h2>

<p>从名字可以看出<code>STATICFILES_DIRS</code>指定了一个工程里面哪个目录存放了与这个工程相关的静态文件，这是一个列表。上面的<code>collectstatic</code>命令也会将该列表下面的静态文件收集到<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>目录下面去的，所以<code>STATICFILES_DIRS</code>下面是不能包含<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>这个路径的，对吧？</p>

<h2 id="最佳实践">最佳实践</h2>

<p>所以最佳的配置方式是将所有的App 下面的静态文件统一放置到一个目录下面，然后将该目录设置为<code>STATICFILES_DIRS</code>，<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>则设置为另外的目录。如下：</p>

<pre><code class="language-python">STATIC_URL = '/static/'
# 开发阶段放置项目自己的静态文件
STATICFILES_DIRS = (
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'staticfiles'),
)
# 执行collectstatic命令后会将项目中的静态文件收集到该目录下面来（所以不应该在该目录下面放置自己的一些静态文件，因为会覆盖掉）
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static')
</code></pre>

<p>在开发阶段，<code>Django</code>把/static 映射到<code>django.contrib.staticfiles</code>这个App。<code>staticfiles</code>自动地从<code>STATICFILES_DIRS</code>、<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>以及各个App的static子目录里面搜索静态文件。一旦布署到开发环境上，<code>settings.py</code>不需要重新编写，只要在<code>Nginx</code>的配置文件里面写好映射，/static将会被<code>Nginx</code>处理。<code>django.contrib.staticfiles</code>虽然仍然存在，但因为不会接收到以<code>/static/</code>开始的路径，所以将不会产生作用。不必担心<code>Django</code>会使用处理速度变慢。另外，当<code>settings.DEBUG is False</code>的时候，<code>staticfiles</code>将自动关闭。</p>
      </article>

      
        

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